Thomas Nagel, one of the most respected analytic philosophers, argues that the materialist neo-Darwinian conception of nature is almost certainly false. Not because evolution didn't happen—Nagel accepts that—but because materialism cannot adequately explain consciousness, cognition, and value. The book examines each in turn. Consciousness: how do physical processes give rise to subjective experience? Cognition: how can we trust our reasoning if it's purely the product of natural selection for survival? Value: how can there be objective moral truths if the universe is fundamentally purposeless? Nagel argues that an adequate account of nature would have to include teleological principles—goals or purposes—rather than only mechanism. This is not a religious argument; Nagel remains an atheist. But he believes that mind and value are fundamental features of the universe, not surprising accidents. The book drew intense criticism from scientists and philosophers committed to materialism, but Nagel's stature ensured the arguments received serious engagement. For readers interested in the deepest questions about mind and nature, this slim volume provides a significant challenge to prevailing assumptions.